What Are Perfect Squares?

5 min

Narrative

In this Warm-up, students reason about quadratic expressions that are perfect squares. They look for and use structure to rewrite expressions (MP7). Though each expression appears to be more complicated or to have more pieces than the preceding one, the underlying structure of all the expressions is unchanged. The last expression is written in factored form, but because the factors are identical, students can see that it can also be written as something2\text{something}^2. Viewing a complicated expression as a perfect square prepares students to consider completing the square later.

Launch

Give students a moment to observe the list of equations, and ask them what they notice and wonder about the equations. Solicit a few observations and questions. Tell students that their job is to think about what aa should be so that each equation is always true, regardless of what xx is.

Student Task

Each of these expressions is a perfect square, which means that each can be written as something multiplied by itself.

Rewrite each expression as something multiplied by itself in the form ()2(\underline{\hspace{.5in}})^2. For example, 16x216x^2 can be rewritten as (4x)2(4x)^2.

  1. 100
  2. 9x29x^2
  3. 14x2\frac{1}{4}x^2
  4. xxx \boldcdot x
  5. 7x7x7x \boldcdot 7x
  6. (2x9)(2x9)(2x-9)(2x-9)

Sample Response

  1. 10210^2 or (-10)2(\text{-}10)^2
  2. (3x)2(3x)^2 or (-3x)2(\text{-}3x)^2
  3. (12x)2\left( \frac{1}{2} x \right)^2 or (-12x)2\left(\text{-} \frac{1}{2} x \right)^2
  4. x2x^2 or (-x)2(\text{-}x)^2
  5. (7x)2(7x)^2 or (-7x)2(\text{-}7x)^2
  6. (2x9)2(2x-9)^2 or (92x)2(9-2x)^2 or (-2x+9)2(\text{-}2x+9)^2
Activity Synthesis (Teacher Notes)

Invite students to share their responses and how they viewed the expressions. If not mentioned by students, point out that the question can be thought of as “When something is multiplied by itself, it is equal to something squared,” so the inside of the parentheses must be equal to that something.

Explain to students that perfect squares are related to what students learned in earlier grades about the area of a square. Multiplying the side length of a square by itself gives the area of the square, so we can say, for instance, that 25 is a perfect square because it is the area (in square units) of a square whose side length is 5 units. (2x9)(2x9)(2x-9)(2x-9) can be thought of as the area of a square with side length 2x92x-9.

Standards
Building Toward
  • A-REI.4.a·Use the method of completing the square to transform any quadratic equation in x into an equation of the form (x - p)² = q that has the same solutions. Derive the quadratic formula from this form.
  • A-REI.4.a·Use the method of completing the square to transform any quadratic equation in x into an equation of the form (x - p)² = q that has the same solutions. Derive the quadratic formula from this form.
  • A-REI.4.a·Use the method of completing the square to transform any quadratic equation in x into an equation of the form (x - p)² = q that has the same solutions. Derive the quadratic formula from this form.
  • A-REI.4.b·Solve quadratic equations by inspection (e.g., for x² = 49), taking square roots, completing the square, the quadratic formula and factoring, as appropriate to the initial form of the equation. Recognize when the quadratic formula gives complex solutions and write them as a ± bi for real numbers a and b.
  • A-REI.4.b·Solve quadratic equations by inspection (e.g., for x² = 49), taking square roots, completing the square, the quadratic formula and factoring, as appropriate to the initial form of the equation. Recognize when the quadratic formula gives complex solutions and write them as a ± bi for real numbers a and b.
  • A-REI.4.b·Solve quadratic equations by inspection (e.g., for x² = 49), taking square roots, completing the square, the quadratic formula and factoring, as appropriate to the initial form of the equation. Recognize when the quadratic formula gives complex solutions and write them as a ± bi for real numbers a and b.
  • HSA-REI.B.4.a·Use the method of completing the square to transform any quadratic equation in <span class="math">\(x\)</span> into an equation of the form <span class="math">\((x - p)^2 = q\)</span> that has the same solutions. Derive the quadratic formula from this form.
  • HSA-REI.B.4.b·Solve quadratic equations by inspection (e.g., for <span class="math">\(x^2 = 49\)</span>), taking square roots, completing the square, the quadratic formula and factoring, as appropriate to the initial form of the equation. Recognize when the quadratic formula gives complex solutions and write them as <span class="math">\(a \pm bi\)</span> for real numbers <span class="math">\(a\)</span> and <span class="math">\(b\)</span>.

15 min

15 min