Surface Area of a Cube

5 min

Teacher Prep
Setup
1–2 minutes of quiet think time. Ask students to answer the questions without multiplying anything or using a calculator.

Narrative

This Math Talk focuses on the meaning of numbers and symbols in expressions. It encourages students to relate repeated addition to multiplication and to relate repeated multiplication to exponents. The numbers are selected to discourage students from computing the values of the expressions. Instead, they prompt students to rely on what they know about operations and exponents to mentally make comparisons. The understanding elicited here will be helpful later in the lesson when students write expressions to represent the surface area and volume of cubes.

To decide, without calculations, which of two expressions has the greater value, students need to look for and make use of structure (MP7). In explaining their reasoning, students need to be precise in their word choice and use of language (MP6).

Launch

Tell students to close their books or devices (or to keep them closed). Reveal one problem at a time. For each problem:

  • Give students quiet think time and ask them to give a signal when they have an answer and a strategy.
  • Invite students to share their strategies and record and display their responses for all to see.
  • Use the questions in the activity synthesis to involve more students in the conversation before moving to the next problem. 

Keep all previous problems and work displayed throughout the talk.

Action and Expression: Internalize Executive Functions. To support working memory, provide students with sticky notes or mini whiteboards.
Supports accessibility for: Memory, Organization

Student Task

Decide mentally which expression has a greater value.

  • 12+12+12+12+1212 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 or 4124 \boldcdot 12
  • 15315 \boldcdot 3 or 15315^3
  • 19219^2 or 181818 \boldcdot 18
  • 52125 \boldcdot 21^2 or (521)(521)(5 \boldcdot 21) \boldcdot (5 \boldcdot 21)

Sample Response

  • 12+12+12+12+1212 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12. Sample reasoning: This expression is equivalent to 5125 \boldcdot 12, which is greater than 4124 \boldcdot 12.
  • 15315^3. Sample reasoning: 15315^3 is 15151515 \boldcdot 15 \boldcdot 15, so it is greater than 15315 \boldcdot 3, which is 15+15+1515 + 15 + 15
  • 19219^2. Sample reasoning: 19219^2 is 191919 \boldcdot 19, which is greater than 181818 \boldcdot 18
  • (521)(521)(5 \boldcdot 21) \boldcdot (5 \boldcdot 21). Sample reasoning: 5215 \boldcdot 21 is more than 100, so multiplying this number by itself will give a number greater than 10,000. Squaring 21 gives a number that is a little more than 400. Multiplying that number by 5 gives a product that is more than 2,000 but not anywhere near 10,000.
Activity Synthesis (Teacher Notes)

To involve more students in the conversation, consider asking:

  • “Who can restate \underline{\hspace{.5in}}’s reasoning in a different way?”
  • “Did anyone use the same strategy but would explain it differently?”
  • “Did anyone solve the problem in a different way?”
  • “Does anyone want to add on to \underline{\hspace{.5in}}’s strategy?”
  • “Do you agree or disagree? Why?”
  • “What connections to previous problems do you see?”

To support students in upcoming work, highlight the following ideas if they are not already mentioned by students:

  • We can express repeated addition with multiplication. 5125 \boldcdot 12 is a more concise way to write 12+12+12+12+1212 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12.
  • We can express repeated multiplication with an exponent. 15315^3 is a more concise way to write 15151515 \boldcdot 15 \boldcdot 15.
  • The parentheses in the last expression tells us that it is the value of 5215 \boldcdot 21, not just one of the numbers, that is being squared.
MLR8 Discussion Supports. Display sentence frames to support students when they explain their strategy. For example, “First, I _____ because . . . .” or “I noticed _____ so I . . . .” Some students may benefit from the opportunity to rehearse what they will say with a partner before they share with the whole class.
Advances: Speaking, Representing

Math Community
Display the Math Community Chart and a list of 2–5 revisions suggested by the class in the previous exercise for all to see. Remind students that norms are agreements that everyone in the class shares responsibility for, so everyone needs to understand and agree to work on upholding the norms. Briefly discuss any revisions and make changes to the “Norms” sections of the chart as the class agrees. Depending on the level of agreement or disagreement, it may not be possible to discuss all suggested revisions at this time. If that happens, plan to discuss the remaining suggestions over the next few lessons.

Tell students that the class now has an initial list of norms or “hopes” for how the classroom math community will work together throughout the school year. This list is just a start, and over the year it will be revised and improved as students in the class learn more about each other and about themselves and math learners.

Anticipated Misconceptions

When given an expression with an exponent, students may misinterpret the base and the exponent as factors and multiply the two numbers. Remind them about the meaning of the exponent notation. For example, show that 535 \boldcdot 3 = 15, which is much smaller than 5 5 55 \boldcdot 5 \boldcdot 5, which equals 125.

Standards
Addressing
  • 6.EE.1·Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents.
  • 6.EE.A.1·Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents.

20 min

10 min